Introduction to Cybersecurity v2 EOC Assessment – Final Exam Test Online

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Cybersecurity is the ongoing effort to protect Internet-connected network systems and all of the data associated with the systems from unauthorized use or harm.

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The objectives for data integrity include data not being altered during transit and not being changed by unauthorized entities. Authentication and encryption are methods to ensure confidentiality. Data being available all the time is the goal of availability.

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Confidentiality ensures that data is accessed only by authorized individuals. Authentication will help verify the identity of the individuals.

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Availability ensures that network services are accessible and performing well under all conditions. By load balancing the traffic destined to the main web servers, in times of a huge volume of visits the systems will be well managed and serviced.

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This is a bit of a grey area and would also depend on local laws. In many cases, if the employee did something with the knowledge or approval of the company, then the legal responsibility would probably be with the company not the employee. In some areas or situations, both the company and employee could be held legally responsible.

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Cyberwarfare is Internet-based conflict that involves the penetration of the networks and computer systems of other nations. The main purpose of cyberwarfare is to gain advantage over adversaries, whether they are nations or competitors.

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Malware can be classified as follows: – Virus (self replicates by attaching to another program or file) – Worm (replicates independently of another program) – Trojan Horse (masquerades as a legitimate file or program) – Rootkit (gains privileged access to a machine while concealing itself) – Spyware (collects information from a target system) – Adware (delivers advertisements with or without consent) – Bot (waits for commands from the hacker) – Ransomware (holds a computer system or data captive until payment is received)

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The hacker infects multiple machines (zombies), creating a botnet. Zombies launch the distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack.

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Phishing, spyware, and social engineering are security attacks that collect network and user information. Adware consists, typically, of annoying popup windows. Unlike a DDoS attack, none of these attacks generate large amounts of data traffic that can restrict access to network services.

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The best approach to protect a data network from a possibly compromised IoT device is to place all IoT devices on an isolated network that only has access to the Internet.

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The best method to avoid getting spyware on a user machine is to download software only from trusted websites.

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Biometric authentication can be used through the use of a fingerprint, palm print, and facial or voice recognition.

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Open Authorization is an open standard protocol that allows end users to access third party applications without exposing their user passwords.

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An email message is transmitted in plain text and can be read by anyone who has access to the data while it is en route to a destination. Patient records include confidential or sensitive information that should be transmitted in a secure manner.

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Although each of these tools is useful for securing networks and detecting vulnerabilities, only an IDS and NetFlow logging can be used to detect anomalous behavior, command and control traffic, and infected hosts.

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Nmap allows an administrator to perform port scanning to probe computers and the network for open ports. This helps the administrator verify that network security policies are in place.

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It is the first stage, reconnaissance, of the the kill chain that focuses on the identification and selection of targets.

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The Cyber Kill Chain describes the phases of a progressive cyberattack operation. The phases include the following:

• Reconnaissance
• Weaponization
• Delivery
• Exploitation
• Installation
• Command and control
• Actions on objectives

In general, these phases are carried out in sequence. However, during an attack, several phases can be carried out simultaneously, especially if multiple attackers or groups are involved.

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A honeypot is a tool set up by an administrator to lure an attacker so that the behavior of the attacker can be analyzed. This information can help the administrator identify weaknesses and build a stronger defense.

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The time between a cyberattack and the time it takes to discover the attack is the time when hackers can get into a network and steal data. An important goal of the CSIRT is to ensure company, system, and data preservation through timely investigations into security incidents.

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An IDS, or intrusion detection system, is a device that can scan packets and compare them to a set of rules or attack signatures. If the packets match attack signatures, then the IDS can create an alert and log the detection.