IT Essentials 7.0 8.0 Final Exam – Composite (Chapters 1-14) Test Online

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Minimize the risk of electrostatic discharge. Whenever 2 things touch, there is always an exchange of electrons at the atomic level. Most of the time, this exchange is so negligible that you don’t notice it, but even tiny bolts of static electricity can fry your RAM modules. In fact, any electrical component in your computer has a chance to be damaged by static electricity.

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System boot services are provided by the motherboard BIOS and UEFI chips.

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The motherboard, CPU, and power supply must be compatible.

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The chipset on a motherboard consists of integrated circuits that control how system hardware interacts with the CPU and motherboard. It also provides the capability and features needed, such as the maximum memory supported on the motherboard, multiple USB ports, eSATA connections, surround sound, and video.

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ROM stands for read-only memory.

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DDR SDRAM transfers data twice per clock cycle, whereas SDRAM transfers data once each clock cycle. Both DDR SDRAM and SDRAM are forms of dynamic memory. The difference in data transfer rate between DDR SDRAM and SDRAM is not determined by the number of pins, nor the operating voltage.

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Laser printers require high voltage when initially powered on and to charge the drum in preparation for writing data to the drum. This high voltage requirement is why most laser printers are not normally connected to a UPS. A laser printer also has a fuser assembly used to apply heat and pressure to the toner to permanently attach it to the paper. The laser printer must be unplugged and the fuser assembly must be allowed to cool before working inside the printer.

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The power supply commonly has four screws that attach from outside the case through case holes into screw holes on the power supply.

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Internal hard drives are commonly SATA drives that have a data cable that extends from the drive to a motherboard SATA connector.

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Graphics cards, also known as video cards, are installed into a PCIe x16 expansion slot. The expansion slots on a motherboard are located near the motherboard ports.

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SATA cables, or serial ATA cables, are used to carry data from drives to the motherboard.

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Beep codes are a result of POST and these vary between computer vendors based on what BIOS is installed.

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Passwords, drive encryption, and TPM are BIOS configurable security features. File encryption, TKIP key, and MAC filtering are security features not configured within BIOS.

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RAID 0 allows “striping” or writing data across two hard drives, but provides no redundancy. The other RAID versions provide redundancy.

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You must apply thermal compound between the new CPU and the heat sink/fan assembly to avoid overheating the CPU. The thermal paste helps to conduct heat from the CPU to the heat sink.

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A Safety Data Sheet is a fact sheet that summarizes information about material identification, including hazardous ingredients that can affect personal health, fire hazards, and first-aid requirements. The SDS explains how to dispose of potentially hazardous materials in the safest manner.

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Accumulated dust inside the computer can prevent the flow of air and can hinder cooling.

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When using compressed air, keep the can upright to prevent the fluid from leaking onto computer components.

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Most laptops are created to be tolerant of a wide range of humidity levels and room temperatures. Dust, however, can cause overheating and failures.

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If the exact cause of the problem has not been determined after you have tested all your theories, establish a new theory of probable causes and test it.

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In the United States, the wall outlet electrical power is standardized at 120 volts AC.

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A LAN is smaller or more contained than a WAN, which can span several cities. A MAN is usually contained in one city. A PAN is a very small network of devices that are located in close proximity to one another, usually within range of a single person.

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Cable and DSL Internet technologies both use physical cabling to provide an Internet connection to a residence or a small business. Although dial-up is a wired technology, it does not provide a high-speed Internet connection. Satellite and cellular connections provide a wireless Internet connection.

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UDP is a very simple transport layer protocol that does not guarantee delivery. Devices on both ends of the conversation are not required to keep track of the conversation. UDP is used as the transport protocol for applications that need a speedy, best-effort delivery.

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In networks with more than a few hosts, DHCP simplifies the addressing process. A DHCP server automatically assigns host IP addresses.

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A universal threat management (UTM) device is a security device that can provide firewall, IDS/IPS, and proxy server functionality as well as email filtering and DoS/DDoS protection.

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When a PC does not have a static IP address or cannot pick one up from a DHCP server, Windows will automatically assign the PC an IP address using APIPA, that uses the range of addresses 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255.

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The IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway address values should be added to the NIC properties in order for the computer to have basic network connectivity. This can be done either statically or dynamically with DHCP. An additional value that should be present if the computer is to be used to connect to the Internet is the DNS server value. A computer automatically attempts to locate a DHCP server if configured to do so. A DHCP server address is not used. Finally, NAT is configured on a router, not on a computer host, and speed and duplex settings are NIC hardware settings and not IPv4 properties of the NIC.

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An IPv6 address is made up of 128 bits that are represented as eight blocks of four hexadecimal digits that are called hextets. Because each hexadecimal digit represents four bits, each hextet represents 16 bits. The /64 network prefix indicates that the first 64 bits, or first four hextets, represent the network portion of the address. Because there are 128 bits in an IPv6 address, this leaves the last 64 bits, or last four hextets, to represent the host identifier. The value for the last four hextets is 0607:1234:aa10:ba01.

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Network applications have specific TCP or UDP ports that can be left open or blocked in Windows Firewall. Disabling automatic IP address assignment may result in the computer not being able to connect to the network at all. Enabling MAC address filtering is not possible in Windows and would only block specific network hosts, not applications. Changing default usernames and passwords will secure the computer from unauthorized users, not from applications.

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Wi-Fi calling is not supported on all mobile devices, but when enabled, it uses a Wi-Fi network to make voice calls. It is very useful in areas with poor cellular coverage.

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Laptop internal components are designed with a small form factor and are proprietary. Although a laptop CPU uses less power, it needs a cooling device (heat sink and fan).

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The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) standard has specific sleep states that can be assigned to a device in order to conserve power. PCIe is a motherboard interface. Bluetooth and 802.11 are wireless standards.

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Customer-replaceable units (CRUs) do not typically require a lot of technical skill to replace. RAM and a battery are two examples of a CRU. In contrast, a field-replaceable unit (FRU), such as a display, motherboard, keyboard, or touchpad, commonly requires a technician to install.

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Because of the amount of data transferred during video synchronization, synchronization occurs through either a Wi-Fi connection or a wired USB connection.

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Inkjet printers are easy to use and usually less expensive than laser printers. Some advantages of an inkjet printer are initial low cost, high resolution, and they are quick to warm up. Some disadvantages of an inkjet printer are that the nozzles are prone to clogging, ink cartridges can be expensive, and the ink is wet for a few seconds after printing. A laser printer is a high-quality, fast printer that uses a laser beam to create an image. Some advantages of a laser printer are low cost per page, high ppm, high capacity, and prints come out dry. Some disadvantages of a laser printer are high cost of startup, and that toner cartridges can be expensive.

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The collate feature enables a printer to sort multiple copies of a document with the proper page order for each copy.

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Because documents with graphics and photographs generate much larger print jobs, the printing process will run more efficiently if the printer memory is adequate to store the entire job before the job starts.

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Bonjour Printer Server from Apple comes with MAC OS X and is a free download for Windows users to be used as a software print server. Airport Extreme, a dedicated print server, and a PC with a printer attached serving as a print server are all hardware print sharing solutions.

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Laser printer maintenance kits typically contain components that wear and can be installed with minimal disassembly of the printer. Corona wires are internal components that would require a trained technician to replace. Paper trays are components that are not typically replaced during maintenance, but would be replaced any time if damaged.

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Paper jams are commonly caused when the paper being used is dirty, affected by humidity, or is the wrong type of paper for the printer.

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Virtualization technology can run several different operating systems in parallel on a single CPU.

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Disaster recovery is how a company goes about accessing applications, data, and the hardware that might be affected during a disaster. Virtualization provides hardware independence which means the disaster recovery site does not have to have the exact equipment as the equipment in production. Server provisioning is relevant when a server is built for the first time. Although data centers do have backup generators, the entire data center is designed for disaster recovery. One particular data center could never guarantee that the data center itself would never be without power.

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VMware ESX/ESXi and Microsoft Hyper-V 2012 are Type 1 hypervisors that have direct access to the hardware resources. Type 1 hypervisors are more efficient than hosted architectures, and enable greater scalability, performance, and robustness. They are used to support enterprise VMs in data centers. Oracle VM VirtualBox, VMware Fusion, and Microsoft Virtual PC are host based Type 2 hypervisors.

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Windows 10 has a feature called Windows Virtual Desktop (WVD). A user can create multiple virtual desktops and navigate among them easily. This feature reduces the clutter on a desktop of Windows caused by opening multiple applications. With WVD, a user can have each application open in a separate desktop.

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Platform as a service (PaaS) provides a collaborative environment where multiple developers can create software and host an application through a Cloud provider.

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SDRAM ( Synchronous Dynamic RAM) works in synchronization with the memory bus and has higher transfer rates because it can process overlapping instructions in parallel.

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The loss of the RAID controller can be caused by the external RAID controller not receiving power, incorrect BIOS settings, failure of the RAID controller or incorrect drivers for the RAID controller.

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A touch screen that is unresponsive or inaccurate can be caused by dirt or grease on the screen, the screen protector, or apps consuming too many resources.

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Three security concerns related to shared printers include (1) cached print files could contain sensitive data; (2) user authentication is needed to control access to the printer; and (3) print jobs could be read by others, intercepted, copied, or modified. Although the names of documents can be viewed in the print queue, document viewing is not possible. Dumpster diving and shoulder surfing are security concerns whether the printer is shared or not.

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There are several change management process components that help changes, installations, and upgrades go more easily. The assessment component identifies the business processes that are affected and the costs and resources required.

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RAID Levels:

RAID Level	Minimum Number of Drives	Features
0	2	Striping
1	2	Mirroring
5	3	Striping with parity
6	3	Striping with double parity
10 (0+1)	4	Mirroring and Striping

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RAID Levels:

RAID Level	Minimum Number of Drives	Features
0	2	Striping
1	2	Mirroring
5	3	Striping with parity
6	3	Striping with double parity
10 (0+1)	4	Mirroring and Striping

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RAID Levels:

RAID Level	Minimum Number of Drives	Features
0	2	Striping
1	2	Mirroring
5	3	Striping with parity
6	3	Striping with double parity
10 (0+1)	4	Mirroring and Striping

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RAID Levels:

RAID Level	Minimum Number of Drives	Features
0	2	Striping
1	2	Mirroring
5	3	Striping with parity
6	3	Striping with double parity
10 (0+1)	4	Mirroring and Striping

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RAID Levels:

RAID Level	Minimum Number of Drives	Features
0	2	Striping
1	2	Mirroring
5	3	Striping with parity
6	3	Striping with double parity
10 (0+1)	4	Mirroring and Striping

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Advanced Problems and Solutions for Printers

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8.5.8.2 Common Problems and Solutions for Printers

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8.5.8.2 Common Problems and Solutions for Printers

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8.5.8.2 Common Problems and Solutions for Printers

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8.5.8.2 Common Problems and Solutions for Printers

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8.5.8.2 Common Problems and Solutions for Printers

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Boot Sequence for Windows: – Power on Self Test (POST) – POST for each adapter card that has a BIOS – BIOS reads the MBR – MBR takes over control of the boot process and starts BOOTMGR – BOOTMGR reads the Boot Configuration Data file to know which OS to load and where to find the OS on the boot partition – BOOTMGR invokes WINLOAD.EXE in order to load the NTOSKRNL.EXE file and HAL.DLL – BOOTMGR reads the registry files and loads device drivers – NTOSKRNL.EXE starts the WINLOGON.EXE program and displays the Windows login screen At this point, the NT kernel takes over. The NT kernel is the heart of all Windows operating systems. The name of this file is NTOSKRNL.EXE. It starts the login file called WINLOGON.EXE and displays the Windows Welcome screen.

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Many printers come with built-in wireless capability which enables them to be connected to a WiFi network (802.11 standard). Some come equipped with the ability to connect to devices through Bluetooth pairing.

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Because you have to match the motherboard with the parts like power supply form factor, case form factor, cpu socket/chipset, RAM that will remain the same. You replace only the motherboard in this case.

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Application programmers make decisions about which protocols to use to transport the data to and from their applications based on whether the application can tolerate any lost data. Live streaming and voice transmissions can use UDP because if a few data packets are lost, the quality of the video and audio is not seriously impacted. TCP is used when all data must be complete and accurate.

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Advanced Problems and Solutions for Printers

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The Northbridge chipset generally controls access to the RAM, video card, and the speeds at which the CPU can communicate with them.

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Boot Sequence for Windows: – Power on Self Test (POST) – POST for each adapter card that has a BIOS – BIOS reads the MBR – MBR takes over control of the boot process and starts BOOTMGR – BOOTMGR reads the Boot Configuration Data file to know which OS to load and where to find the OS on the boot partition – BOOTMGR invokes WINLOAD.EXE in order to load the NTOSKRNL.EXE file and HAL.DLL – BOOTMGR reads the registry files and loads device drivers – NTOSKRNL.EXE starts the WINLOGON.EXE program and displays the Windows login screen At this point, the NT kernel takes over. The NT kernel is the heart of all Windows operating systems. The name of this file is NTOSKRNL.EXE. It starts the login file called WINLOGON.EXE and displays the Windows Welcome screen.