Module 9.3.2 Quiz - Ethics and Bias in Data Answers
1. What principle prevents the disclosure of information to unauthorized people, resources, and processes?
- confidentiality
- integrity
- availability
- nonrepudiation
- accounting
Explanation: The security principle of confidentiality refers to the prevention of the disclosure of information to unauthorized people, resources, and processes.
2. What type of cybersecurity laws protect you from an organization that might want to share your sensitive data?
- confidentiality
- authentication
- nonrepudiation
- integrity
- privacy
Explanation: Privacy laws control appropriate use of data and access to data.
3. Which two methods help to ensure data integrity? (Choose two.)
- hashing
- authorization
- data consistency checks
- availability
- privacy
- repudiation
Explanation: Data integrity systems include one of the two data integrity methods.
4. What type of bias is being applied when the interpretation of data from a study is done in a way that confirms the original beliefs of the analyst?
- selection
- confirmation
- interpretation
- predictive
Explanation: Confirmation bias can cause the conclusions drawn from the selected data to be skewed to support the original hypothesis.
5. What statement describes the occurrence of a selection bias in an analysis of data?
- It can occur when historical data is included within the parameters of the analysis.
- It can occur when there is a misinterpretation of either the question or what the data is telling you.
- It can occur when the data used is not representative of the overall population that is being investigated.
- It can occur if a prediction for one population does not hold true for another population under different circumstances.
Explanation: Selection biases result from choosing incomplete or non-representative data sets. If the data is not representative of the overall population that you are investigating or doesn’t reflect the current environment, the resulting conclusions may not be accurate.
6. What impact might outliers have on an analysis?
- The results might be distorted or overly biased.
- They can cause the conclusions drawn to be skewed to support the original hypothesis.
- They will result in incomplete or non-representative data sets.
- They cause the average and mean values to be more accurate.
Explanation: Outliers in datasets represent extreme or influential data points. Outliers can influence an outcome so care must be taken that the outliers do not overly bias the data.
7. Colleagues suggest that you should record your expected results before beginning the analysis and avoid selecting only data and methods that support your assumptions. Why are the two suggestions important?
- They ensure that historical data is not used.
- They help to limit problem outliers.
- They help to avoid bias in the analysis.
- They ensure that datasets are complete and represent the population being analyzed.
Explanation: Some of the ways to avoid bias in data analytics include: recording your assumptions and hypotheses before beginning your analysis and avoiding the selection of only data and methods that support your assumptions.
8. Which two functions help to ensure the confidentiality of personal data? (Choose two.)
- hashing
- data encryption
- file permissions
- version control
- multi-factor authentication
Explanation: Methods used to ensure the confidentiality of personal data include: data encryption, username ID and password, two factor authentication, and minimizing exposure of sensitive information.
9. A corporation is vigilant about maintaining equipment, creating backups, and keeping operating systems and software up to date. Which component of the CIA triad do these measures support?
- Confidentiality
- Availability
- Accountability
- Integrity
Explanation: Availability ensures that the information is accessible to authorized people. A company that does maintain equipment, create backups, and keep operating systems and software up to date are working to ensure that the system is available to users.
10. A person searches the internet for accessories for a newly purchased puppy. Suddenly this person begins receiving multiple promotional emails from many different pet stores. What feature of the CIA triad has been abused?
- Accountability
- Integrity
- Confidentiality
- Availability
Explanation: Confidentiality ensures the privacy of data by restricting access through authentication and encryption. Integrity assures that the information is accurate and trustworthy. Availability ensures that the information is accessible to authorized people. Accountability is not a component of the CIA triad.
