){kind=link}
Topology
Objectives
- Use BGP commands to prevent private AS numbers from being advertised to the outside world.
- Use the AS_PATH attribute to filter BGP routes based on their source AS numbers.
Background
The International Travel Agency’s ISP has been assigned an AS number of 300. This provider uses BGP to exchange routing information with several customer networks. Each customer network is assigned an AS number from the private range, such as AS 65000. Configure the ISP router to remove the private AS numbers from the AS Path information of CustRtr. In addition, the ISP would like to prevent its customer networks from receiving route information from International Travel Agency’s AS 100. Use the AS_PATH attribute to implement this policy.
Note: This lab uses Cisco 1941 routers with Cisco IOS Release 15.4 with IP Base. The switches are Cisco WS-C2960-24TT-L with Fast Ethernet interfaces, therefore the router will use routing metrics associated with a 100 Mb/s interface. Depending on the router or switch model and Cisco IOS Software version, the commands available and output produced might vary from what is shown in this lab.
Required Resources
- 3 routers (Cisco IOS Release 15.2 or comparable)
- Serial and Ethernet cables
Step 0: Suggested starting configurations.
a. Apply the following configuration to each router along with the appropriate hostname. The exec-timeout 0 0 command should only be used in a lab environment.
Router(config)# no ip domain-lookup Router(config)# line con 0 Router(config-line)# logging synchronous Router(config-line)# exec-timeout 0 0
Step 1: Configure interface addresses.
b. Using the addressing scheme in the diagram, create the loopback interfaces and apply IPv4 addresses to these and the serial interfaces on SanJose (R1), ISP (R2), and CustRtr (R3). The ISP loopbacks simulate real networks. Set a clock rate on the DCE serial interfaces.
SanJose(config)# interface Loopback0 SanJose(config-if)# ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 SanJose(config-if)# exit SanJose(config)# interface Serial0/0/0 SanJose(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.5 255.255.255.252 SanJose(config-if)# clock rate 128000 SanJose(config-if)# no shutdown SanJose(config-if)# end SanJose# ISP(config)# interface Loopback0 ISP(config-if)# ip address 10.2.2.1 255.255.255.0 ISP(config-if)# interface Serial0/0/0 ISP(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.6 255.255.255.252 ISP(config-if)# no shutdown ISP(config-if)# exit ISP(config)# interface Serial0/0/1 ISP(config-if)# ip address 172.24.1.17 255.255.255.252 ISP(config-if)# clock rate 128000 ISP(config-if)# no shutdown ISP(config-if)# end ISP# CustRtr(config)# interface Loopback0 CustRtr(config-if)# ip address 10.3.3.1 255.255.255.0 CustRtr(config-if)# exit CustRtr(config)# interface Serial0/0/1 CustRtr(config-if)# ip address 172.24.1.18 255.255.255.252 CustRtr(config-if)# no shutdown CustRtr(config-if)# end CustRtr#
c. Use ping to test the connectivity between the directly connected routers.
Note: SanJose will not be able to reach either ISP’s loopback (10.2.2.1) or CustRtr’s loopback (10.3.3.1), nor will it be able to reach either end of the link joining ISP to CustRtr (172.24.1.17 and 172.24.1.18).
Step 2: Configure BGP.
a. Configure BGP for normal operation. Enter the appropriate BGP commands on each router so that they identify their BGP neighbors and advertise their loopback networks.
SanJose(config)# router bgp 100 SanJose(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.6 remote-as 300 SanJose(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 ISP(config)# router bgp 300 ISP(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.5 remote-as 100 ISP(config-router)# neighbor 172.24.1.18 remote-as 65000 ISP(config-router)# network 10.2.2.0 mask 255.255.255.0 CustRtr(config)# router bgp 65000 CustRtr(config-router)# neighbor 172.24.1.17 remote-as 300 CustRtr(config-router)# network 10.3.3.0 mask 255.255.255.0
b. Verify that these routers have established the appropriate neighbor relationships by issuing the show ip bgp neighbors command on each router.
ISP# show ip bgp neighbors BGP neighbor is 172.24.1.18, remote AS 65000, external link BGP version 4, remote router ID 10.3.3.1 BGP state = Established, up for 00:00:28 Last read 00:00:28, last write 00:00:28, hold time is 180, keepalive interval is 60 seconds <output omitted>
BGP neighbor is 192.168.1.5, remote AS 100, external link BGP version 4, remote router ID 10.1.1.1 BGP state = Established, up for 00:01:34 Last read 00:00:33, last write 00:00:06, hold time is 180, keepalive interval is 60 seconds <output omitted>
Step 3: Remove the private AS.
a. Display the SanJose routing table using the show ip route command. SanJose should have a route to both 10.2.2.0 and 10.3.3.0. Troubleshoot if necessary.
SanJose#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
a - application route
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
L 10.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, Loopback0
B 10.2.2.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.1.6, 00:04:22
B 10.3.3.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.1.6, 00:03:14
192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C 192.168.1.4/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
L 192.168.1.5/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
SanJose#
b. Ping the 10.3.3.1 address from SanJose.
Why does this fail?
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c. Ping again, this time as an extended ping, sourcing from the Loopback0 interface address.
SanJose# ping Protocol [ip]: Target IP address: 10.3.3.1 Repeat count [5]: Datagram size [100]: Timeout in seconds [2]: Extended commands [n]: y Source address or interface: 10.1.1.1 Type of service [0]: Set DF bit in IP header? [no]: Validate reply data? [no]: Data pattern [0xABCD]: Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[none]: Sweep range of sizes [n]: Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.3.3.1, timeout is 2 seconds: Packet sent with a source address of 10.1.1.1 !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/28/28 ms SanJose#
Note: You can bypass extended ping mode and specify a source address using one of these commands:
SanJose# ping 10.3.3.1 source 10.1.1.1
or
SanJose# ping 10.3.3.1 source Lo0
d. Check the BGP table from SanJose by using the show ip bgp command. Note the AS path for the 10.3.3.0 network. The AS 65000 should be listed in the path to 10.3.3.0.
SanJose# show ip bgp
BGP table version is 5, local router ID is 10.1.1.1
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter,
x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed,
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
*> 10.1.1.0/24 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i
*> 10.2.2.0/24 192.168.1.6 0 0 300 i
*> 10.3.3.0/24 192.168.1.6 0 300 65000 i
SanJose#
Why is this a problem?
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e. Configure ISP to strip the private AS numbers from BGP routes exchanged with SanJose using the following commands.
ISP(config)# router bgp 300 ISP(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.5 remove-private-as
f. After issuing these commands, use the clear ip bgp * command on ISP to reestablish the BGP relationship between the three routers. Wait several seconds and then return to SanJose to check its routing table.
Note: The clear ip bgp * soft command can also be used to force each router to resend its BGP table.
ISP# clear ip bgp * ISP# *Sep 8 18:40:03.551: %BGP-5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor 172.24.1.18 Down User reset *Sep 8 18:40:03.551: %BGP_SESSION-5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor 172.24.1.18 IPv4 Unicast topology base removed from session User reset *Sep 8 18:40:03.551: %BGP-5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor 192.168.1.5 Down User reset *Sep 8 18:40:03.551: %BGP_SESSION-5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor 192.168.1.5 IPv4 Unicast topology base removed from session User reset *Sep 8 18:40:04.515: %BGP-5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor 172.24.1.18 Up *Sep 8 18:40:04.519: %BGP- ISP#5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor 192.168.1.5 Up ISP# SanJose# show ip route
Does SanJose still have a route to 10.3.3.0?
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SanJose should be able to ping 10.3.3.1 using its loopback 0 interface as the source of the ping.
SanJose# ping 10.3.3.1 source lo0 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.3.3.1, timeout is 2 seconds: Packet sent with a source address of 10.1.1.1 !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/28/32 ms
g. Now check the BGP table on SanJose. The AS_ PATH to the 10.3.3.0 network should be AS 300. It no longer has the private AS in the path.
SanJose# show ip bgp
BGP table version is 9, local router ID is 10.1.1.1
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter,
x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed,
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
*> 10.1.1.0/24 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i
*> 10.2.2.0/24 192.168.1.6 0 0 300 i
*> 10.3.3.0/24 192.168.1.6 0 300 i
SanJose#
Step 4: Use the AS_PATH attribute to filter routes.
As a final configuration, use the AS_PATH attribute to filter routes based on their origin. In a complex environment, you can use this attribute to enforce routing policy. In this case, the provider router, ISP, must be configured so that it does not propagate routes that originate from AS 100 to the customer router CustRtr.
AS-path access lists are read like regular access lists. The statements are read sequentially, and there is an implicit deny at the end. Rather than matching an address in each statement like a conventional access list, AS path access lists match on something called a regular expression. Regular expressions are a way of matching text patterns and have many uses. In this case, you will be using them in the AS path access list to match text patterns in AS paths.
a. Configure a special kind of access list to match BGP routes with an AS_PATH attribute that both begins and ends with the number 100. Enter the following commands on ISP.
ISP(config)# ip as-path access-list 1 deny ^100$ ISP(config)# ip as-path access-list 1 permit .*
The first command uses the ^ character to indicate that the AS path must begin with the given number 100. The $ character indicates that the AS_PATH attribute must also end with 100. Essentially, this statement matches only paths that are sourced from AS 100. Other paths, which might include AS 100 along the way, will not match this list.
In the second statement, the . (period) is a wildcard, and the * (asterisk) stands for a repetition of the wildcard. Together, .* matches any value of the AS_PATH attribute, which in effect permits any update that has not been denied by the previous access-list statement.
For more details on configuring regular expressions on Cisco routers, see:
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios/12_2/termserv/configuration/guide/ftersv_c/tcfaapre.html
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/border-gateway-protocol-bgp/13754-26.html
b. Apply the configured access list using the neighbor command with the filter-list option.
ISP(config)# router bgp 300 ISP(config-router)# neighbor 172.24.1.18 filter-list 1 out
The out keyword specifies that the list is applied to routing information sent to this neighbor.
c. Use the clear ip bgp * command to reset the routing information. Wait several seconds and then check the routing table for ISP. The route to 10.1.1.0 should be in the routing table.
Note: To force the local router to resend its BGP table, a less disruptive option is to use the clear ip bgp * out or clear ip bgp * soft command (the second command performs both outgoing and incoming route resync).
ISP# clear ip bgp * ISP# *Sep 8 18:48:04.915: %BGP-5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor 172.24.1.18 Down User reset *Sep 8 18:48:04.915: %BGP_SESSION-5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor 172.24.1.18 IPv4 Unicast topology base removed from session User reset *Sep 8 18:48:04.915: %BGP-5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor 192.168.1.5 Down User reset *Sep 8 18:48:04.915: %BGP_SESSION-5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor 192.168.1.5 IPv4 Unicast topology base removed from session User reset *Sep 8 18:48:04.951: %BGP-5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor 172.24.1.18 Up *Sep 8 18:48:04.955: %BGP- ISP#5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor 192.168.1.5 Up ISP# ISP# show ip route
d. Check the routing table for CustRtr. It should not have a route to 10.1.1.0 in its routing table.
CustRtr# show ip route
e. Return to ISP and verify that the filter is working as intended. Issue the show ip bgp regexp ^100$ command.
ISP# show ip bgp regexp ^100$
BGP table version is 4, local router ID is 10.2.2.1
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter,
x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed,
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
*> 10.1.1.0/24 192.168.1.5 0 0 100 i
ISP#
The output of this command shows all matches for the regular expressions that were used in the access list. The path to 10.1.1.0 matches the access list and is filtered from updates to CustRtr.
f. Run the following Tcl script on all routers to verify whether there is connectivity. All pings from ISP should be successful. SanJose should not be able to ping the CustRtr loopback 10.3.3.1 or the WAN link 172.24.1.16/30. CustRtr should not be able to ping the SanJose loopback 10.1.1.1 or the WAN link 192.168.1.4/30.
ISP# tclsh
foreach address {
10.1.1.1
10.2.2.1
10.3.3.1
192.168.1.5
192.168.1.6
172.24.1.17
172.24.1.18
} {
ping $address }