CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing

Chapter 3 – Sections & Objectives

  • 3.1 Dynamic Routing Protocols
    • Explain the purpose of dynamic routing protocols.
    • Explain the use of dynamic routing and static routing
  • 3.2 RIPv2
    • Configure the RIPv2 routing protocol.
  • 3.3 The Routing Table
    • Explain the components of an IPv4 routing table entry for a given route.
    • Explain the parent/child relationship in a dynamically built routing table.
    • Determine which route will be used to forward a IPv4 packet.
    • Determine which route will be used to forward a IPv6 packet.
  • 3.4 Summary

3.1 Dynamic Routing Protocols

3.1.1 Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview

Dynamic Routing Protocol Evolution

  • Dynamic routing protocols have been used in networks since the late 1980s.
  • Newer versions support the communication based on IPv6.

Routing Protocols Classification

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 30

 

Dynamic Routing Protocols Components

Routing Protocols are used to facilitate the exchange of routing information between routers.

The purpose of dynamic routing protocols includes:

  • Discovery of remote networks
  • Maintaining up-to-date routing information
  • Choosing the best path to destination networks
  • Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer available

Main components of dynamic routing protocols include:

  • Data structures – Routing protocols typically use tables or databases for its operations. This information is kept in RAM.
  • Routing protocol messages – Routing protocols use various types of messages to discover neighboring routers, exchange routing information, and other tasks to learn and maintain accurate information about the network.
  • Algorithm – Routing protocols use algorithms for facilitating routing information for best path determination.

3.1.2 Dynamic versus Static Routing

Static Routing Uses

Networks typically use a combination of both static and dynamic routing.

Static routing has several primary uses:

  • Providing ease of routing table maintenance in smaller networks that are not expected to grow significantly.
  • Routing to and from a stub network. A network with only one default route out and no knowledge of any remote networks.
  • Accessing a single default router. This is used to represent a path to any network that does not have a match in the routing table.

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 31

 

Static Routing Advantages and Disadvantages

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 32

Dynamic Routing Advantages & Disadvantages

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 33

 

3.2 RIPv2

3.2.1 Configuring the RIP Protocol

Router RIP Configuration Mode

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 34

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 35

 

Verify RIP Routing

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 36

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 37

 

Enable and Verify RIPv2

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 38

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 39

 

Disable Auto Summarization

  • Similarly to RIPv1, RIPv2 automatically summarizes networks at major network boundaries by default.
  • To modify the default RIPv2 behavior of automatic summarization, use theno auto-summaryrouter configuration mode command.
  • This command has no effect when using RIPv1.
  • When automatic summarization has been disabled, RIPv2 no longer summarizes networks to their classful address at boundary routers. RIPv2 now includes all subnets and their appropriate masks in its routing updates.
  • Theshow ip protocolsnow states that automatic network summarization is not in effect.

Configuring Passive Interfaces

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 40

Sending out unneeded updates on a LAN impacts the network in three ways:

  • Wasted Bandwidth
  • Wasted Resources
  • Security Risk

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 41

 

Propagate a Default Route

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 42

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 43

 

3.3 The Routing Table

3.3.1 Parts of an IPv4 Route Entry

Routing Table Entries

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 44

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 45

 

Directly Connected Entries

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 46

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 47

 

Remote Network Entries

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 48

 

3.3.2 Dynamically Learned IPv4 Routes

Routing Table Terms

  • Routes are discussed in terms of:
    • Ultimate route
    • Level 1 route
    • Level 1 parent route
    • Level 2 child routes

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 49

 

Ultimate Route

  • An ultimate route is a routing table entry that contains either a next-hop IP address or an exit interface.
  • Directly connected, dynamically learned, and link local routes are ultimate routes.

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 50

 

Level 1 Route

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 51

 

Level 1 Parent Route

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 52

Level 2 Child Route

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 53

 

3.3.3 The IPv4 Route Lookup Process

Route Lookup Process

  1. If the best match is a level 1 ultimate route, then this route is used to forward the packet.
  2. If the best match is a level 1 parent route, proceed to the next step.
  3. The router examines child routes (the subnet routes) of the parent route for a best match.
  4. If there is a match with a level 2 child route, that subnet is used to forward the packet.
  5. If there is not a match with any of the level 2 child routes, proceed to the next step.
  6. The router continues searching level 1 supernet routes in the routing table for a match, including the default route, if there is one.
  7. If there is now a lesser match with a level 1 supernet or default routes, the router uses that route to forward the packet.
  8. If there is not a match with any route in the routing table, the router drops the packet.

Best Route = Longest Match

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 54

 

3.3.4 Analyze an IPv6 Routing Table

IPv6 Routing Table Entries

  • Components of the IPv6 routing table are very similar to the IPv4 routing table (directly connected interfaces, static routes, and dynamically learned routes).
  • IPv6 is classless by design, all routes are effectively level 1 ultimate routes. There is no level 1 parent of level 2 child routes.

Directly Connected Entries

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 55

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 56

 

Remote IPv6 Network Entries

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 57

CCNA 2 v6.0 Study Material – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 58

 

3.4 Summary

Dynamic routing protocols:

  • Used by routers to automatically learn about remote networks from other routers.
  • Purpose includes: discovery of remote networks, maintaining up-to-date routing information, choosing the best path to destination networks, and ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer available.
  • Best choice for large networks but static routing is better for stub networks.
  • Function to inform other routers about changes.
  • Responsible for discovering remote networks, as well as maintaining accurate network information.
  • Upon a change in the topology routing protocols propagate that information throughout the routing domain.
  • Convergence: The process of bringing all routing tables to a state of consistency, where all of the routers in the same routing domain, or area, have complete and accurate information about the network. Some routing protocols converge faster than others.
  • Cisco routers use the administrative distance value to determine which routing source to use.
  • Each dynamic routing protocol has a unique administrative value, along with static routes and directly connected networks.
  • Directly connected networks are preferred source, followed by static routes and then various dynamic routing protocols.
  • Each dynamic routing protocol has a unique administrative value, along with static routes and directly connected networks. The lower the administrative value, the more preferred the route source.
  • A directly connected network is always the preferred source, followed by static routes and then various dynamic routing protocols.
  • Routing table entries contain a route source, a destination network, and an outgoing interface.
  • Route sources can be either connected, local, static, or from a dynamic routing protocol.
  • IPv4 routing tables can contain four types of routes: ultimate routes, level 1 routes, level 1 parent routes, and level 2 child routes.
  • Because IPv6 is classless by design, all routes are effectively level 1 ultimate routes. There is no level 1 parent of level 2 child routes.

Section 3.1
Terms and Commands

  • Static routing
  • Dynamic routing
  • RIPv1
  • RIPv2
  • OSPF
  • IS-IS
  • IGRP
  • EIGRP
  • BGP
  • Routing table
  • Stub network
  • Update messages

Section 3.2
Terms and Commands

  • router rip
  • no router rip
  • network network-address
  • show ip protocols
  • show ip route
  • version 2
  • no version
  • no auto-summary
  • passive-interface
  • passive-interface default
  • no passive-interface
  • ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
  • default-information originate

Section 3.3
Terms and Commands

  • Classful routing
  • Classless addressing
  • Route source (C and L)
  • Destination network
  • Outgoing interface
  • Administrative distance (AD)
  • Metric
  • Route timestamp
  • Ultimate route
  • Level 1 route
  • Level 1 parent route
  • Level 2 child route
  • Network route
  • Supernet route
  • Default route

 

Download Slide PowerPoint (pptx):

Subscribe
Notify of
guest

0 Comments
Inline Feedbacks
View all comments