Chapter 7 – Sections & Objectives

• 7.1 IPv4 Network Addresses
  • Convert between binary and decimal numbering systems.
  • Describe the structure of an IPv4 address including the network portion, the host portion, and the subnet mask.
  • Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast, broadcast, and multicast IPv4 addresses.
  • Explain public, private, and reserved IPv4 addresses.
• 7.2 IPv6 Network Addresses
  • Explain the need for IPv6 addressing.
  • Describe the representation of an IPv6 address.
  • Describe types of IPv6 network addresses.
  • Configure global unicast addresses.
  • Describe multicast addresses.
• 7.3 Connectivity Verification
  • Explain how ICMP is used to test network connectivity.
  • Use ping and traceroute utilities to test network connectivity.

7.1 IPv4 Network Addresses

Binary and Decimal Conversion

• IPv4 Addresses
  • • consists of a string of 32 bits, divided into four sections called octets.
    • Each octet contains 8 bits (or 1 byte) separated with a dot.

  
• Conversion between Binary to Decimal
  • • Use the chart to help with conversion

  

IPv4 Address Structure

• • Network and Host Portions
  • The Subnet Mask
  • Logical AND
    • What is the network address for graphics?
  • Prefix Length
    • What is the prefix length for the graphics?
  • Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses
    • Network Address?
    • Range of Valid Hosts?
    • Broadcast Address?

IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast

• IPv4 Addressing Assignment to a Host
  • Static – Type in manually
  • Dynamic – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• IPv4 Communication
  • Unicast – send packets from one host to an individual host
  • Broadcast – send packets from one host to all the hosts in the network
  • Multicast – send a packet from one host to a selected group of hosts in the same or different network
  • Which types of communication are the graphics on the right?

Types of IPv4 Addresses

• • Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
    • Private addresses are not routed over the Internet
    • Private Addresses:
      • 10.0.0.0/8 or 10.0.0.0 to10.255.255.255
      • 172.16.0.0 /12 or 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
      • 192.168.0.0 /16 or 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

• • Special User IPv4 Addresses
    • Loopback addresses
      – 127.0.0.0 /8 or 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254
    • Link-Local addresses or Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses
      – 169.254.0.0 /16 or 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254
    • TEST-NET addresses
      – 192.0.2.0/24 or 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255
  • Classless Addressing
    • CIDR
    • Allocated IPv4 addresses based on prefix length
  • Assignment of IP Addresses

7.2 IPv6 Network Addresses

IPv4 Issues

• The Need for IPv6
  • Depletion of IPv4 address space
  • Internet of Everything
• IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
  • Dual Stack – IPv4 and IPv6 on the same network
  • Tunneling – IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets
  • Translation – IPv6 packet is translated to an IPv4 packet, and vice versa.

IPv6 Addressing

• IPv6 Address Representation
  x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where x represents 4 hexadecimal values
• Apply the rules to simply these IPv6 Addresses
  • Rule 1: Omit Leading 0s
  • Rule 2: Omit All 0 Segments
    • 2001:0DB8:0000:1133:0000:0000:0000:0200
    • 2001:0DB8:CAFE:0000:1111:0000:0000:0200
    • 2001:0DB8:000A:0000:0000:0000:0000:1000
    • 2001:0DB8:ACAD:1234:0000:0000:0000:0000
    • 2001:0DB8:0000:1111:0020:0000:ACAD:0000
    • FF02:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001
    • FE80:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0003
    • 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000

Types of IPv6 Addresses

• • IPv6 Address Types
    • Unicast
    • Multicast
    • Anycast
  • IPv6 Prefix Length
    • Indicates the network portion
    • Format: IPv6 address /prefix length
    • Prefix length range from 0 to 128
    • Typical length is /64

• Common Types of IPv6 Addresses
  • • Unicast Addresses
      – Unique, Internet routable addresses
      – Configured statically or assigned dynamically
    • Link-Local Unicast Addresses
      – Communicate with other IPv6 enabled devices on the same link
      – Device creates its own link local address without DHCP server
    • Unique Local Addresses
      – Unique local unicast
      – Used for local addresses within a site or between a limited number of sites

  

IPv6 Unicast Addresses

• Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address
  • Global Routing Prefix
  • Subnet ID
  • Interface ID
• Static Configuration of a Global Unicast Address
  • ipv6 address ipv6-address/prefix-length
• Dynamic Configuration
  • SLAAC
  • DHCPv6
• Link-Local Addresses
  • Dynamic or Static
• Verifying IPv6 Address Configuration
  • show ipv6 interface brief

IPv6 Multicast Addresses

• Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses
  • IPv6 multicast addresses have the prefix FF00::/8
    – FF02::1 All-nodes multicast group
    – FF02::2 All-routers multicast group

  

• Solicited-Node IPv6 Multicast Addresses

7.3 Connectivity Verification

ICMP

• ICMPv4 and ICMPv6
  • Host Confirmation
  • Destination or Service Unreachable
  • Time Exceeded
  • Router Redirection
• ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement Messages
  • Messaging between an IPv6 router and an IPv6 device:
    • Router Solicitation (RS) message
    • Router Advertisement (RA) message
  • Messaging between IPv6 devices:
    • Neighbor Solicitation (NS) message
    • Neighbor Advertisement (NA) message
  • Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)

Testing and Verification

• Ping
  • Testing the Local Stack
    – 127.0.0.1 (IPv4) or ::1 (IPv6)
  • Testing Connectivity to the Local LAN
  • Testing Connectivity to Remote
• Traceroute
  • Testing the Path
    – Round Trip Time (RTT)
    – IPv4 TTL and IPv6 Hop Limit

7.4 Chapter Summary

Summary

• Explain the use of IPv4 addresses to provide connectivity in a small to medium-sized business network.
• Configure IPv6 addresses to provide connectivity in small to medium-sized business networks.
• Use common testing utilities to verify network connectivity.

Section 7.1 New Terms and Commands

Section 7.2 New Terms and Commands

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